My Orchard - Original Writing - 1045 Words

My orchard had a lot to teach me. The trees respond to life according to the seasons; I needed to honor that cycle inside of me. There would be a spring with the budding of new growth and then a summer where the new and improved me would blossom and bear fruit. Fall would be the harvest and celebration of me. Winter was the time to let go of who I thought I had become in order to make room for the growth of yet a more authentic me. Life is a process, or better yet, a journey that has its own destination. My destination was rarely known even though I set goals and intentions for myself. Houston had served as my Oz and I, like Dorothy, had returned home again, not only to Sedona but also more importantly, to myself. There’s no place like home. Chapter 14 Synchronicity is choreographed by a great, pervasive intelligence that lies at the heart of nature, and is manifest in each of us through intuitive knowledge. –Deepak Chopra When I returned from Houston, I took a part-time job to work with plants and herbs that were turned into herbal remedies. The company’s relaxed environment and interesting employees made it fun to work there. Best of all, the organically grown and wild plants sustained and nurtured me with their life force and beauty. I sometimes worked with a very unusual plant, the carnivorous Pitcher plant. It is quite beautiful with its long light green stem and alluring delicate looking pink and white leaves that have evolved into a goblet shaped cupShow MoreRelatedSome Keep the Sabbath Going to Church931 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Sabbath Going to Church† I was a little confused and unaware of what was happening in the reading. However, in the end I came to realize the poem had a much bigger meaning than just a person sitting in their backyard with the birds. To begin, my first thought of this poem was mostly confusion due to Emily Dickinson’s diction. Throughout the poem, Emily used words that I was unfamiliar with, such as â€Å"bobolink† and â€Å"chorister† in the first stanza. After finding definitions for the unknown wordsRead MoreRomeo And Juliet, The Balcony Scene : As Interpreted By Franco Zeffirelli And Baz Luhrmann1415 Words   |  6 PagesVerona, Italy, just as the text does. Luhrmann’s version is set in Verona Beach, California, in modern time; however, Shakespearean language is still used. Both film versions have their unique ways in which they are similar to and different from the original text. Arguably one of the most famous scenes in Romeo and Juliet is the balcony scene. This is the scene during which Romeo and Juliet profess their love for each other. Shakespeare writes the balcony scene to be said fiercely, passionately – heRead MoreHow Language Has Changed From Its Original Form Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy a culture through the variations of sounds and movements the citizens of that culture make. The purpose of this study is to observe the different forms of language used in an everyday setting and to study how the language has changed from its original form. As novice anthropologists, we must begin to recognize phonemes and morphemes through studying these sound patterns and word formations in syntax we may recognize or think is ordinary. Through this process we are able to think more deeply aboutRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Road 1527 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: The Road 1. Significance of the title: The father and son in the story are following a road to go south; that is their objective which they work towards throughout the novel. 2. Genre: Post-apocalyptic Fiction 3. Date of original publication: September 26th, 2006 4. Author: Cormac McCarthy 5. Setting (including: time span of the story, time period in which the story is set, and place[s] in which the story is set): The story takes place over many months, but there is noRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Poems On Death, Religion, And Love1119 Words   |  5 Pages Emily Dickinson was a famous American poet whose work was published in the late 19th century. Her writing style was seen by many as unconventional due to her use of â€Å"dashes and syntactical fragments†(81), which was edited out by her original publishers. These fragmented statements and dashes were added to emphasize certain lines and subjects to accentuate the theme of her poems. Emily Dickinson wrote descriptive, moving poems on death, religion, and love. Her poems continue to create gripping discussionsRead MoreStatement Of Financial Engineering1152 Words   |  5 PagesMy interest toward financial engineering emerged when I am studying statistic and mathematic as an undergraduate student in the Michigan State University. Michigan State University offers me a great chance to explore and learn the systemic knowledge of Statistic and mathematic. I have put my heart into many different pursuits, during my undergraduate years; it is through this two of experiences that I ha ve come to realize my life’s ambition. Research and projects has made me appreciate the rigorsRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Writing Style1191 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Dickinson was one of the many famous American poets whose work was published in the 19th century. Her writing style was seen as unconventional due to her use of â€Å"dashes and syntactical fragments†(81), which was later edited out by her original publishers. These fragmented statements and dashes were added to give emphasis to certain lines and subjects to get her point across. Even though Emily Dickinson was thought to be a recluse, she wrote descriptive, moving poems on death, religion, andRead MoreA. Chekhov - the Cherry Orchard Commentary4493 Words   |  18 PagesThe Cherry Orchard is Russian playwright Anton Chekhov s last play. It premiered at the Moscow Art Theatre 17 January 1904 in a production directed by Constantin Stanislavski. Chekhov intended this play as a comedy and it does contain som e elements of farce; however, Stanislavski insisted on directing the play as a tragedy. Since this initial production, directors have had to contend with the dual nature of this play. The play concerns an aristocratic Russian woman and her family as they returnRead MoreEssay on Swedish American Contributions to Chicago1069 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is based on my recent visit to The Swedish American Museum located in the Andersonville community at 5211 S. Clark Street in Chicago, Illinois. In the 1850s the area was considered to be north of Foster and east of Clark was a large cherry orchard, and families had only begun to move into the fringes of what is now Andersonville. Swedish immigrants continued to arrive in Andersonville throughout the beginning of the 20th century. The Swedish American Museum was founded in 1976, by KurtRead MoreLiterary Criticism of Exegesis on Matthew 16: 13-19 A2553 Words   |  10 Pagesasked. Who do you say I am? 16 Simon Peter answered, You are the Christ, the Son of the living God. 17 Jesus replied, Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by man, but by my Father in heaven. 18 And I tell you th at you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. This passage is preceded by a warning from Jesus about the Sadducees and Pharisees, and to beware of their false teachings, which is a common theme in

Globalization Has Caused The World - 1138 Words

Globalization has caused the world to change. Globalization is the process by which the world is interconnected through technology and powerful infrastructure for the purpose of communicating and managing resources. Countries around the world have gotten closer over past few decades due to growing integration between economies. It brings the countries closer to each other and make them more interrelated through providing unrestrained trade and financial exchange. Opening up the economy to globalization can have both favourable and unfavourable impact on the country’s economic growth, environment, human capital, cultural dominance etc. The expansion of markets has created an industry that exploits millions of individuals labour in the†¦show more content†¦Organizations have embraced outsourcing principles and adopted them to help in expanding to new markets. Globalization has help the global garment industry and has enabled US multinational corporations to reduce costs and compete effectively in the global market. While the proliferation of outsourcing has been beneficial to short term growth by taking advantages of; low wages, taxes and investment incentives in developing countries, it will significantly dissolve the competitive advantages. â€Å"Structurally, more work was outsourced—thus the â€Å"ancient† subcontracting hierarchy of the apparel industry suddenly became quite modern† (Ross, 2011). The exporting of North American jobs is an issue that is important and will become increasingly so as more and more jobs are shipped overseas. Employers in the global garment industry are now having backlash by consumers due to exploited labour and terrible working conditions of workers. Over the past several decades there has been a growing struggle with workers to improve working conditions and incorporate safety in the workplace. Due to more public awareness of the horrible conditions in sweatshops corporations are pressured to improve the safety and working conditions of the workplace. â€Å"In 1951, an ILGWU historian noted that control over the â€Å"outside system of production†Ã¢â‚¬â€the contractors—had been key to upgrading garmentShow MoreRelatedThe Positive Side Of Globalization1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Positive Side of Globalization Globalization is what unites this world. As time passes, it has become easier to communicate with people worldwide. With dedication, education and will, you can have a full conversation in a foreign language anytime. If looked at in depth, globalization contributed to the spread of your native language because it was transferred by many people. As you can see, globalization is something that can help us communicate across long distances and much more. There areRead MoreGlobalization : The World Of Politics And The Human Population1648 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization influences many aspects of human life, it is a process of change, the process of collaboration and integration among the people and businesses of different nations, it is a process propelled by trade, investment and technology. The process of globalization has great purpose for bring people together and sharing ideas however, it has effects on the environment, culture, the economy, politics and the human population ( Globalization 101). Globalization has effected the environment dueRead MoreCritique Nigel Dowers Perspective Of Ethical Development And Globalization1722 Words   |  7 PagesClimate change is related to globalization and development similarly to how economics is related to globalization and development, but with one additional step. Dower (p1. 2005) explains the relationship as follows: â€Å"globalization is an economic process involving increased international investments and trade in goods and services. Development is a process of economic growth. Globalization is the engine of economic growth. So globalization is the engine of development.† For this paper, I will useRead MoreNegative Impact Of Globalization971 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is the interaction of people due to the growth of international flow of different types of global markets such as business, finances, international and domestic trades, information technology, investments, and different ideas an d cultures. Many people fear the impact of the economy and society because it is harmful to every citizen around the world. Globalization influences cultural exchange since it has been increasing annually. But this is not necessarily a good thing, people fearRead MoreGlobalization : A World Wide Movement Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is a phenomenon, a world wide movement where nations and communities come together and form a network. Throughout the course we explored the integration and interdependence of various nations, which ultimately shapes world affairs on a global level.Evidently, growth of the developing countries is the main cause of globalization and it brings both opportunities and disadvantages to them. There are numerous ways in which globalization has impacted the world today.The course also createdRead MoreGlabalization and Climate Change Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesSynthesis Essay Globalization and climate change The climate is changing whether its wanted or not these events of melted polar ice caps, dramatic changes in weather; drought, warmer wetter winters and rising sea levels, also increased Co2 emissions in the atmosphere are only of few changes that have been increased by globalization. The economic pressure that is being forced is causing more harm to our living planet then some seem to know. Trying to slow the trend of globalization is highly unlikelyRead MoreDiscussion on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Economic Globalization651 Words   |  3 PagesDiscussion on the advantages and disadvantages of economic globalization At present, economy globalization, which can be defined as the expanding world integration through trade, financial flow and knowledge, has significant effect on developed and developing countries. We are living in a world where people can communicate efficiently and enjoy the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. Due to the economic globalization, the material life today is more colorful than before. However, there areRead MoreAbstract. This Paper Will Discuss The Benefits And Drawbacks1720 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss the benefits and drawbacks from the point of view that globalization made in the developing countries in the three important fields such as economic and trade processes, education and health systems and culture effects. It is consists of four paragraphs. In paragraph one, the benefits and detriment of globalization in the economic and trade processes field will be discussed. Then, in paragraph two, the impact of globalization on education and health systems in bo th sides will be shown. InRead MoreGlobalization Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization can be defined as â€Å"the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets† (Webster Dictionary). It brings countries closer together and impacts things such as human rights, politics, and economics. While Globalization can have positive factors it has its downfalls. Globalization has effects on human well-being in societies around the globe. This process seems to only beRead MoreEssay on Impact of the Cold War on the World Economies1727 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract from Paper World War II created many issues on a world wide scale, two different forms a government were fighting for influence. This created a divide between communist countries and democratic counties which set up the Cold War. This divided world created a globalized economy unlike ever before, one with communist countries and one with democratic. All the countries of the world, of each government type, were interconnected and dependent on each other. The countries of the opposite group

Art Paper Free Essays

Formal Analysis: The Metropolitan Museum of art boasts an impressive collection of art, among many other things. One piece that stood out the most was Saint John the Baptist Preaching, by Mattia Preti. Though the work has seemingly faded a bit over the last 360 years, it remains in superb condition, which leads one to believe it has been restored over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Art Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is this condition that caught my attention, surprisingly as dull as the piece appears; it stills pops when you make eye contact with it. Why does is pop? What about this work has my attention? My first thoughts were the artist’s ability to capture the human form with the amount of detail Mattia Preti had, was the drawing factor that brought me to choosing this as my focal point on my museum trip. The title is Saint John the Baptist Preaching, yet there are no subjects being preached to in the composition. Saint John is making direct eye contact with you as you are staring at him, which gives the sense of actually being in his presence, and listening to him preach. It seems Mattia Preti wanted the viewers to all feel like they were the ones being preached to from the arrangement of this piece of art. Saint John is situated in the middle of the canvas, slouched and leaning to his left in a sort of lazy posture, with his left hand over his heart. This to me says he is speaking of something in which he truly believes, or loves. Situated below him is a white lamb, which is apparent in many religious paintings, the relevance though escapes me. The human form is captured flawlessly, the artist’s ability to capture proper muscle tone and shape is uncanny, only if for a moment it seems this is a photograph taken in the 16th century. No small detail is over looked, looking closer you can actually see veins in the forearm and hand of the subject. How to cite Art Paper, Papers

Product Life Cycle of Nokia free essay sample

Kapil Kumar 1807 A01 Regd Id 10810515 The product life cycle The most effective way to reduce the impact on the environment is to integrate environmental considerations into the product development process. To do this, designers must consider the environmental impact of materials, energy and toxicity across an e–product’s entire life cycle. The product life cycle begins when raw materials are extracted from the earth and ends when the materials from the products are reused, recycled, recovered or discarded. Currently, most of what we produce goes straight to landfill. The aim is to close the loop and recycle materials back into the manufacturing process. This will conserve the earth’s mineral resources, save energy (by reducing mining and transportation) and reduce waste. NOKIA PRODUCT CYCLE Life cycle thinking, the so called â€Å"cradle to grave† approach, requires that environmental performance of all members in the chain is known and managed. M= Material E= Energy W= Waste Emissions FROM START TO FINISH Ever wondered where your toaster came from? Every product goes through many different Stages from the raw materials to the finished item and production processes Raw materials Stage 1 mining metal ore and smelting into metal alloys *pumping oil and cracking into fuel to make plastics *refining sand into glass and semiconductors *cutting trees and processing them into wood or paper Manufacture Stage 2 Manufacture – parts formation and assembly *transforming material into part via mould or tool *combining parts into subass emblies *combining subassemblies into products *packing products for distribution Purchase Stage 3 Purchase – from shelf to users *exposure of product in retail outlet *support by advertising media *information about product (staff, advertising, leaflet) Use Stage 4 Use – consumption of product installation of products *First use *regular use *maintenance and repair Stage 5 Disposal – collecting and moving the used product *consumer uses the collection system *collectors decide whether the product is reusable, recyclable, or disposable Stage 6 Disposal – reuse, recycling and disposal, and sorting and processing *If reusable, the product is serviced, repackaged and redistributed *If recyclable, the product is disassembled: recyclable components are sent to recycling Centers and non-recyclable components treated as disposable *If none of these apply, the product is land filled or incinerated The complete life cycle of Nokia Commitment to protecting the envi ronment is an integral part of the Nokia Corporate culture and it is embedded in our values. –Life cycle thinking, a conceptweare working to embrace, covers all environmental concerns relating to our products. We believe that Nokias open and ethically sound approach will help us reach the goal of sustainable development – Chairman of the Board and CEO, Jorma Ollila Sustainable development is defined as meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Environ- mental protection is not something that can be added on at the end. It comes at the beginning, taking into account all phases of the product lifecycle. In old school environmental manage- meant a company is responsible only for Its Own environmental impact. At Nokia, however, we have adopted a life cycle concept of environmental management. This concept takes into consideration all phases of the products life cycle, from design and raw mate- rails, to manufacturing and packaging, distribution and use, and finally to end of life treatment. For this reason, the environmental policies and performance of our suppliers are an important part of our own environmental performance. Hence we take environmental issues into consideration when assessing potential or existing suppliers. Environmental management is not a separate process but an integral part of all our operations, and those of our suppliers, inseparable from the processes of manufacturing, distribution and disposal. To reach that goal, we make continual improvements in our own environmental performance, and expect the same of our suppliers. Nokia environmental guidelines for our suppliers. The supplier shall have an environmental policy. This policy, a statement of the organisations environmental principles and intentions, provides the framework for action. It shall be approved by the companys management and be relevant to the organization and its operations. When the organization is part of a larger one, its sub-policy should not be in conflict with policies at higher levels, but should provide more detail and be relevant to individual locations. The policy shall include commitment to environmental protection, prevention of pollution, Compliance with environmental legislation, and continual Improvement. The supplier shall evaluate its suppliers environmental performance and set Environmental improvement targets as necessary. The environmental performance in each stage of the entire supply chain Contributes to the total environmental impact of the final product. This cradle to grave approach adopted by Nokia requires that the environmental performance of all members of the chain is known and effectively managed. This ex- tends upstream along the supply chain to suppliers of components and to the extraction of raw materials. Going downstream this covers the use of the product, as well as the eventual disposal or recycling of components or materials. The supplier shall upon request declare the raw material content of its Products delivered to Nokia. Customers are placing increasing demands for full material declaration, i. e. the total raw material content of the product. This demand applies throughout the whole supply chain. This information is needed in order to utilize the material in the best possible way, e. g. for recycling purposes. A full material declaration is preferable; from the start a minimum requirement is A list of environmentally relevant materials according to a list provided by Nokia End of Life (EoL) practices The supplier shall upon request provide end of life treatment Recommendations for its products. Producer responsibility will require the producer to take back and recycle certain types of end products at the end of their useful lives. Recycling can mean one of several options, e. g. reuse, recycling, refurbishment or conversion. In order to manage the recycling process and increase the eco-efficiency of the process, it is necessary for us to have the relevant data on the raw materials and treatment of the components in our products.

His Influence free essay sample

â€Å"Jordan, we got a phone call today†¦they found a body.† I couldn’t help but cry. My mom said they couldn’t tell if it was him or not. How could it not be him? It’s his house. Then I was told the body was too decomposed to be recognizable. I went to bed wondering†¦Is it my Uncle? Who else could it be? How could this have happened? The next morning we found out, it was my uncle. I had this overall feeling of sickness and regret. At the funeral, there was a slide show of pictures of him. They ended the slide show on my uncle’s smile. Those pictures†¦that smile†¦will never leave me. My uncle was an alcoholic for 10 years. He died at the age of 53. I never truly got to know who he was. His addiction kept him withdrawn and my entire family soon became distant. We will write a custom essay sample on His Influence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But somehow his death brought us closer together. Our family has spent more time together since my uncle’s passingsmiling, laughing†¦having fun. This experience has made me realize how important friends and family truly are. Being upset over his death wouldn’t bring him back. Instead of being consumed by sadness I made a decision†¦a decision that would become my future. I began looking at the positives instead of the negatives. Rather than continuing to stay distant from my family, my cousin and I chose to start talking more, thus strengthening our relationship. His death made me a stronger person. I came to understand the risk of alcohol. Therefore, I elected to not give in to peer- pressure and stay away from alcohol.

Workshop 10 essays

Workshop 10 essays 9.1-1 Describe what yesterday would have been like if you had not used the capabilities of computers. Keep in mind that businesses with which you deal rely on computers and that many of your appliances are computer-based. Without the use of my computer and the Internet, I would not have had four job opportunities yesterday. Having posted my resume on numerous websites such as Monster.com and Militaryhire.com, and submitting my resume to hundreds of companies online through Washingtonpostjobs.com, I was finally able to draw enough attention to my resume that some employers contacted me. When they did contact me, I could look them up through my email and recall what position I had previously applied for. Yesterday the company that offered me a position ran a security clearance on their computers on me and discovered that I have an active clearance, which was the deal breaker for this particular job. Because of yesterdays phone calls, I know have a great job opportunity and it would not have happened if I had not had a computer yesterday. Yesterday, I also used my computer to complete a few of my college homework assignments. Because of my sloppy handwriting abilities, I probably would have stil l been re-writing them. 9.1-2 Two lawyers used the Internet to broadcast thousands of email messages advertising their services. They were subsequently flamed (sent angry e-mail messages) and vilified by Internet users for what they believed to be an inappropriate use of the Net. The attorneys broke no laws. Was the reaction of the Internet users justified? Explain. Because of the lack of Internet laws and standards of enforceable behavior, I do not believe they did. However, personally I think that this type of behavior is unethical and an invasion of my personal privacy, which is guarantied by the Constitution of th ...

A Recent Economic Article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Recent Economic Article - Research Paper Example The article was thereby written to enhance the public’s awareness on the first time that global poverty level has exhibited a decline since the 2005 level. According to the report, much of the decline was to be attributed to the economic progress reflected in China, which disclosed that more than 660 million people were released from the poverty level since 1981. Likewise, it was emphasized that the figures from the report reflected the poorest of the poor, having to contend with subsisting using about $1.25 per day and $2.00 per day, as indicated. C. Personal Verdict: The report was therefore successful in achieve its objective of quantitatively reflecting the decline in the global poverty level using the bar chart and explaining that most of the credit was due from the improved economic conditions in China. As shown, from the 2005 level, there was a decline of 8% in the number of people living below $1.25 per day to its 2008 level. As emphasized, the factors that were contributory to the improved level included improved social programs, counter-cyclical fiscal expansions, and poverty-reduction policies. D. Personal Opinion of the Whole Work: Personally, the results were indeed a fall to cheer or be enthusiastic about since it reflects the seriousness of governments all over the world to address the poverty situations through collaborative economic, fiscal and social programs – which apparently, have succeeded so

Making a Chocolate Cake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Making a Chocolate Cake - Essay Example A birthday or any anniversary is not complete without a perfect chocolate cake. It is the best when it comes to surprises and celebrations. IClosed once can be surprised most by a self made chocolate cake rather than any shop baked cake. The ingredients needed for baking a chocolate cake are all easily available at any nearby store. The first and the foremost ingredients needed is butter, partially sweet chocolate chips divided, all purpose flour, vanilla exact, eggs and sugar. Apart from this crushed sugar, baking soda, salt and water are required in the process. Measurement is very important. For the measuring spoon, measuring cup, a mixing bowl and a baking pan will be needed. The process usually begins with two cups of semi sweet chocolate chips, three fourth cup or one and a half stick of butter, one and a half cup of refined sugar, three eggs, two tablespoons of pure vanilla extract, two and half cups of all purpose flour, one teaspoon of baking soda, half teaspoon salt and one and a half cups of water. When the baking part is done, the cake is now ready to get served but since it is a chocolate cake, decorating it with chocolate is important. Decoration plays a great role to make the cake look eye-catching. How somebody wants to decorate a cake depends on his/her personal preference. Icing or can simple decoration can be done with the melted chocolate which can serve the purpose of icing.... Flour and water are added to make the batter smooth. Stirring is continued at this stage. The longer the stirring process is, the better is the mixture and the next stage is more convenient. In order to bake the chocolate cake, the baking pan is prepared by spraying the vegetable pan stray. This is usually the most significant part. This spray makes sure that the batter or mixture does not stick with the baking pan spoiling the cake. Next the oven is preheated at three fifty degree Fahrenheit. The mixture prepared is poured now on the baking pan from the electric mixture bowl. Normally forty to forty five minutes bake serves the purpose. Personal observation regarding the baking is highly recommended. The cake is baked until it becomes puffy and tasty. A chocolate cake is not always bad for health. In fact it is supposed to be good for human heart and such cakes are mostly preferred by women and children. When chocolate cake is made for children it is better to use less fillings and chocos and to keep it simple. However for special occasions one can experiment with high amounts of chocolates and sweet items to adorn the cake. Pregnant women often prefer the fudge type cakes. A fudge cake is fast to bake in fact. Using a wooden spoon or rubber spatula in the baking process is helpful. It can be made at home and stored in the fridge. Now when the baking part is done, the cake is now ready to get served but since it is a chocolate cake, decorating it with chocolate is important. Decoration plays a great role to make the cake look eye-catching. How somebody wants to decorate a cake depends on his/her personal preference. Icing or can simple decoration can be done with the melted chocolate which can serve the purpose of icing. Icing

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Human Rights - Essay Example The Nuremburg trials shocked most of the world, including the United Kingdom, when the terrible treatment of human beings was revealed to the world. The trials did help to impact the concept that some sort of universal justice is necessary in order to make individuals feel safe, or just, about the world and the law of the world. The atrocities revealed during the trials turned the stomachs of many of the people, as well as the governments, in Europe. It became clear that some sort of restructuring was needed, and that European countries would need to cooperate in order to attain this reconstruction. Therefore, many countries were inspired to start considering aspects of human rights1 The idea of a human rights list in the United Kingdom and Europe is not a new one. Many individuals were pushing for this after World War II. However, the United Kingdom was also aware that Europe was working on a larger-scale concept of human rights in general, which would eventually become the European Convention. This may have been a reason for the United Kingdom’s delay in making its own list of individual rights. The United Kingdom has followed the laws of the convention for many years. Laws were beginning to be laid down by this new, European group, and all of Europe was eager to follow. For instance, at the Congress of the Hague in 1948, delegates and observers from 26 countries breathed life into the Council of Europe – making human rights its guiding spirit. The Council of Europe was officially launched in May 1949 with founder members Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the UK. These member countries then put together a charter of rights as well as a European court system that would help those individuals who had had their rights violated. They were able to use examples from the United States and hammered out a

Preventing Conflicts And Disputes As A Project Manager

Preventing Conflicts And Disputes As A Project Manager Project management is an important aspect of an organization and a main factor for successful completion of a project. In todays changing times tools such as project management, if used properly can provide a useful way for organizations to manage that change effectively. Managing construction projects is a complex undertaking. The quality of a project is the result of many factors the quality of Project Manger is one such factor. Project manager make things happen on a project. A project needs a good planning, organization management which would bring out the maximum benefits for the organization and this can be only achieved by a good leader-Project manager. Another area which needs a lot of attention in an organization is conflicts disputes. Conflict is an inevitable aspect of an organization. It can be destructive as well as functional and it depends on the project manager to resolve the conflict in a manner so that it does not lead to the loss for an organization. There have been many past studies on project success factors affecting project success. These include Project managers competence, control systems responsibilities, selection of teams, politics, contracting solving of conflicts, proper allocation of resources etc. Effective project management begins with selecting and prioritizing projects that support the firms strategy and mission. Project managers have to plan and budget projects as well as orchestrate the contributions of others. Social-skills, decision making skills, problem handling skills, opportunities recognizing skills, and management of conflicts are certain personal attributes of a project manager affecting p roject success. The main aim of study is to find different attributes of a project manager which would help in overcoming all the challenges faced while working on a project as this marks the success of any organization. Project manager plays a very important role in a successful working of any organization and the aim of this study is to deeply study all those attributes which a project manager must have to become a good leader who can manage his team well extract maximum benefits out of them within the limits of time, money resources. Projects are inherently uncertain face unexpected events, from small changes to unforeseen changes like conflicts within organization, with the client, resource unavailability, etc. Project Manager forms a link between the top management the other employees so it is the responsibility of the project manager to maintain a good balance between both. The conflict can arise in top management as well as other employees. The aim of the study is to see how project manag ers respond to such events. As this forms a major reason for the success of any organization, the aim is to give an in depth study of these characteristics of a good project manager which is profitable for all the organizations draw a critical relationship between the Project Managers managerial attributes, the use of key project management principles, practices project performance. The study would also recommend some methodological processes, conceptual frameworks, experiments, experiences some conclusions drawn from various studies done in various companies compare contrast them with previous studies to attain a broad analysis for successful working of a project manager his role in successful completion of a project within the given constraints. Initially the study would examine what a project is, what project management is and what is the role of a project manager. Then the study would examine the causes, types effects of conflict followed by the ways they can be resolved the role of Project manager in conflict resolution. SEARCH STRATEGY The search strategy starts with an aim objective in mind. The aim the objective of present study are as follows: AIM: To study the roles responsibilities of an effective Project Manager analyze what attributes of a Project Manager are required to resolve different conflicts in an organization. OBJECTIVES: To define Project Project Management. To define the roles responsibilities of an effective quality Project Manager. To define conflict, examine its causes, types, core processes effects in an organization. To examine what attributes of a Project Manager are required to manage Conflict effectively. The key words used in the study include: Project, Project Management, Project Manager quality, Project manager roles, Unexpected events, Conflict, Conflict Management, work performance of Project Manager, Managerial attributes, Project Performance, Power, Politics, organizational politics, leadership, communication, motivation, managing project teams, project stakeholders, project life cycle. These words are relevant for the search because they cover the required objectives of the study. They help in finding the appropriate journal papers, links or other information regarding the different aspects of a project, project management, Project manager, conflict conflict management by a project manager. These words help in finding information that can describe the overall aim objectives of the study. The other sources of information include: Search engine used: Science direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Engineering Village. Other sources: Project Management: the managerial process 4e by Gray Larson. Business Psychology Organizational Behavior by Eugene McKenna. Commercial Management of Projects defining the discipline by Dawid Lowe with Roine Leiringer. Industrial Organizational Psychology by John B. Miner. www.ogc.gov.uk www.apm.org.uk REVIEWS OF FOUR JOURNAL PAPERS: Project Quality project managers: This journal paper Project Quality Project managers- http://tinyurl.com/24d9ue8 emphasizes on the fact that a successful project requires sound project management practices and for any project management system to be effective, a project must be managed by a project manager who exhibits high quality managerial attributes. The research discussed in the paper is sponsored by the Construction Industry Institute. The main purpose of the paper is to confirm the critical relationship between the use of key project management principles, practices project performance. The paper emphasizes on the effective project management practices their use by project managers at all levels during a project life cycle. The paper argues that the relationship between a Project Managers managerial attributes project success is indirect. The project performance is affected by the effective application of project management principles by a project manager. Further the paper also argues that the high quality managerial attributes are an equally important contributor to project success and commensurate with high quality technical skills. The paper presents the key principles recommended practices such as strategic project organizing, design effectiveness, project control management of quality articulated by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) the Business Roundtables Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness (CICE) project. They are believed to have the strongest effect on project performance. The paper clearly defines the objectives scope of the research. The data does not only give theoretical results but also provides empirical support by acquiring data through detailed questionnaire developed to survey 400 construction companies where the respondents provide individual views based on their experiences on projects in the heavy engineering, building industrial construction sectors. This paper also provides strategies to improve project manager effectiveness. This helps in deeper understanding of the managers ability to consistently produce project success. However this paper considers only the aspect of project Manager as the factor for project success. Project success could be assessed not only on project management techniques but also on other external factors. The Project Manager must also allow the client to take equal responsibility of the project. It is important to determine the expectations importance of each customer in the project by the project manager as t his also marks one of the factors for successful running of project. [1,2] Along with leadership skills there is also a need of emotional competencies and as the project managers progress they need to enhance their leadership competencies particularly developing the emotional dimensions. [3] This paper also does not examine the working environment affecting the performance of project managers. This is important not only for determining the success of a project, but also in continual of the good performance of project managers. [4] The research done by CII CICE indicates that the critical factor to project success is the quality of a Project Manager. Managing construction projects is a complex undertaking requires many factors. The quality of Project Manger is one such factor. Project Manager needs to stress different attributes at different times over the life of a project to make the project successful. Many Project Managers are perceived to lack the requisite managerial skills so new strategies such as increased pre appointment training, mentor system, careful selection of potential project managers etc are suggested to improve the quality of an effective Project Manager. 2) Conflict its management: This journal article http://tinyurl.com/37skcfr presents a detailed analysis of conflict its management by disputants themselves or by third parties such as Project Managers, mediators etc. The paper first examines the causes, core processes effects of conflict subsequently probes into conflict escalation de-escalation, context conflict management. In the end the paper also concludes some suggestions for future research provides recommendations for practicing managers. The article highlights the issues by reviewing certain scholarly reviews of the conflict literature which have already been published. The major purpose of the article is to draw attention towards the inevitable unanticipated nature of conflict and how these can be managed by disputants or by third parties such as Project Managers who play an important role in conflict management. The article defines conflict as a process where one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. It then goes onto explain the causes of conflict like individual characteristics, inter-personal factors, communication, behavior, etc. It explains the effects of conflicts on individuals organization subsequently determines the concept of conflict escalation de-escalation. It then unfolds the conflict context which has been approached from 4 different perspectives: (i) A description of the conflict setting, (ii) A reference to the independent variables, (iii) The environment in which the conflict is embedded (iv) The structural level or paradigm of the conflict. The article then explores the role of disputants in managing conflict such as Perspective (establish co-operative goals, note the alternatives etc), descriptive ( agree to symbols of defeat, compromise, convert the opponent etc) the role of third parties such as Project manager tactics (adopting appropriate leadership styles, group-discussions, encouraging negotiations etc), mediation, arbitration, conciliation recapitulation. The article helps in deeper understanding of all the phases of conflict, its inevitable nature, its effects causes. It not only explains the conflict phases , its management but also gives research managerial suggestions for future references. The suggestions provided though are beneficial for the practicing managers but should have been more detailed provide with examples to help in clear understanding of the point. It is important to identify five modes of conflict resolution such as confronting, compromising, smoothing, forcing avoiding. [5] This article does not mention any cognitive analysis. Cognitive analysis approach( identifying conflict domain, generation of conflict cases, exercise of judgment, analysis of result cognitive feedback) identifies cognitive difference between the parties as the main source of conflict which needs to be taken care by a Project manager.[6] An awareness of the potential approaches to conflict resolution and the understanding of their consequ ences can provide project managers with a invaluable set of tools to create an optimal work environment. The article concludes that a conflict is self-generating inevitable in an organization. The conflict process is dynamic, self-perpetuating constantly changing: like effects become causes; original causes may disappear; new causes arise; the number of parties change etc. This makes conflict management a difficult target. Project Manager plays an important role in recognizing conflicts managing them as and when required. Conflict is prevalent cannot be recognized at all times so its management requires a lot of efforts. The challenge for organizational leaders and project managers is to try to maintain the right balance and intensity of conflict in project management. By utilizing project management principles, understanding the dynamics of conflict, and learning approaches to conflict resolution, managers will be able to establish an environment in which creativity and innovation is encouraged and project goals are accomplished. [7] 3) The Titanic sunk, so what? Project manager response to unexpected events. The journal article http://tinyurl.com/364k9rb studies the responses of Project manager to unexpected events during a project life cycle. This paper stresses on the point that unanticipated events are inevitable in a project the project success depends on the responses of the project manager to such events. This paper explores the gap between the practice success by defining three elements namely: Event, Response the perceived success. The article compares contrasts the successful unsuccessful responses to draw attention on successful practices. As responding to unexpected events is a fundamental function in project management, an analysis of 44 unexpected events faced by 22 experienced Project Managers in defense defense related organizations was conducted in the given study. The participants were asked to think of significant unforeseeable events during the project which took them by surprise or were unknown or unpredicted their responses were recorded to such events. The research was designed using a grid to unfold the differences between successful unsuccessful responses to unexpected events from the perspective of a project manager. The results found that some participants had difficulty in identifying unknown-unknowns ( circumstances, events outcomes that were not identified in the first place) from known-unknowns ( circumstances, events or outcomes that have been identified as possibly existing, but do not know whether they will take place or not). The ability to identify possible risks reflects the experience of the participants. The main purpose of the paper is to draw the importance of unexpected events during a project which many times are just neglected by Managers to study their responses in such events. These unexpected events threaten the viability of a project. The study carried on groups organizations looked at the behavior of individuals during crisis like situation. An Adapted Repertory Grid (RepGrid) method was used to explore the unexpected events their responses. The data was collected in three steps namely: discussion on each event to derive an overview of what happened in each event, response monitoring finally evaluation of the internal validity of data. The study revealed that successful responses were organic based on three pillars: A responsive functioning structure at organizational level, good interpersonal relationships at group level competent people at the individual level. The study gives an idea of responses to unexpected events their evaluation as success or failure. Certain studies suggest that conflict develops not only in environmental circumstances but in the styles used by individuals when confronted with a conflict. The manner in which a person responds to organizational decision and uncertainty will influence the responses of others and the individuals work experience. [8] But this has again beeen contradicted by concluding that a Project managers previous experience has a minimal impact on the projects performance whereas the size of the previous managed project does affect the managers performance.[9]. However some researchers found no relationship between project success project size. [10] The results conclude that the successful responses to unexpected events lie within the three pillars: Responses functioning structure, Good interpersonal relations Competent people. Simple, responsible functioning structures are highlighted by the study participants as fundamental pillars of success. The analysis suggests that there is a need to refrain from merely adopting a process based approach to predict all possible events. It should be understood that the combination of structure, people, relationship are more likely to enable a successful response to an unanticipated event. The result emphasizes to focus on behavioral aspects of project management further draws attention on successful unsuccessful responses of project managers to such events. 4) Understanding the role of politics in successful project management: This journal paper http://tinyurl.com/2va3ass links the ability of project manager other key players in an organization to understand the importance of organizational politics which is one of the major factors of conflict as a sign towards successful project management. Politics is most often regarded as damaging but common experiences acknowledge that politics often one of the prime moving forces within any organization for better or worse. The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention towards the role of politics in successful project management identifying ways in which Project managers can use politics in a positive effective manner. It focuses on the point that Project Management politics are inextricably linked. Successful managers are those who understand that their job consists of more than simply being technically managerially competent. Power politics is rarely addressed in project management but it needs to be understood that their presence is ubiquitous their impact is significant. The paper points to three modes of power: Authority, Status influence illustrates that these are the key problems faced by Project Manager in attempting to develop their projects in organizations. The paper explains the implications of project politics stresses that a Project Manager needs to acknowledge politics as a fact of organizational project life. It focuses on the fact that it is important to learn to cultiv ate appropriate political tactics as they decide whether it is healthy or unhealthy give characteristics of political behavior like underlying attitudes, techniques etc. Politics if not handled on time may lead to conflicts within the organization so a Project manager needs to acknowledge politics and manage it accordingly. The article suggests some measures to be adopted by Project manager such as the need to employ certain tactics such as conduct performance appraisals on their project team subordinates as it helps in sending a clear message throughout the members that the projects are valuable project contributions among team members will be remembered rewarded. The Project Manager needs to learn the art of influencing by developing a reputation as an expert, and also suggests a Project Manager to develop good negotiating skills recognize that conflict is a natural side effect of project management. These tactics as suggested can help Project managers in dealing with politics hence would prevent conflict within the team. This article gives a good understanding of politics which generally is neglected by Project managers. Organizational politics is one of the important factors responsible for conflicts in an organization but this factor many times is neglected. Conflict if avoided can lead to difficult situations. . Managers at all levels of an organization should be attentive to enhancing employee perceptions of organizational justice in order to encourage the use of more cooperative styles for organizational conflict management.[10] There needs to be more emphasis on project team relationship as it can be one of the causes of politics and hence can lead to conflicts. Unwillingness to cooperate is one of the major reasons for failed teams leading to conflicts Hence, successful project completion depends to a large extent on members being able to work together effectively.[4] This article helps to draw attention towards the importance of politics provides effective project implementation techniques w hich may help in avoiding conflicts arising from politics. But it does not provide any empirical data proving the theories mentioned. The paper concludes that politics and project management are interlinked a project cannot be run without understanding politics. Politics is not necessarily evil but depends on how it is used that decides its effect. Managers do not understand the importance of politics many times but they need to understand that politics is ubiquitous; that is it operates across organizations functional boundaries.. Successful Project Managers are aware that politics, if used judiciously can have an extraordinary positive impact on the implementation of their projects.. SUMMARY: The journals provide a clear understanding of project, project management, roles responsibilities of a project manager, conflicts unexpected events in an organization the ways in which a Project manager could successfully manage them. All the journals focus on one point which is that a successful Project Manager requires a sound project management practices for any project management system to be effective, a project must be managed by a Project Manager who exhibits high quality managerial attributes knows to handle unanticipated situations in a project life-cycle. The research sponsored by the CII( Construction Industry Institute) in the first paper-Project Quality Project Manager highlights the importance of a quality Project Manager as one of the basic factors required for the success of a project. The paper specifies some suggestions to improve the Project manager effectiveness such as increased pre-appointment training, Establishing a mentor system, careful selection of potential Project Manager etc. The second journal article-Conflict its Management presents a broad analysis of conflict its management. This article stresses on the fact that conflict is inevitable in an organization can be handled by disputants themselves or by third parties such as Project Manager. Again this article stresses on the importance of the managerial qualities required in a Project Manager to handle conflict effectively. It provides suggestions for Project Managers to overcome conflict. These include: Project Manager should not always avoid conflict, should identify the issues carve them down to manageable set etc. Both the journal papers suggests that an effort needs to be made to identify develop key management skills that may be unique to the project management environment. The third journal -Project Managers response to unexpected events opines that projects can face unexpected events studies how Project Managers respond to such events. The article examines some events but found that human behavior issues predominantly led to failure while all other types of events could be managed either successfully or unsuccessfully. It identifies three pillars on which success response was dependent: Response functioning structure(high degree of freedom, rapid decision making implementation etc); good interpersonal relationship( Engagement with stakeholders, communication relationship between people involved) competent people( competence of leader team, behavior including self awareness ability to deal with stressful situations). The fourth journal paper- Understanding the role of politics in project management identifies organizational politics as one of the causes of conflict reveals that successful project management is linked to the ability of a Project Manager to understand its importance to make it work for project success. It states that project politics are interlinked it is up to what Project managers do depends on their ability to effectively manage not only the technical aspect of their job but also the behavioral side as well. It also focuses on the behavioral issues which need to be effectively handled by a Project Manger by understanding the dynamics of conflict process by learning to cultivate appropriate political tactics. It can be summarized that a project is an endeavor undertaken to meet specified goals objectives is usually constrained by time, scope budget. The discipline of planning, organizing managing resources to bring about the successful completion of such goals objectives during a project is known as Project management. A project manager is vital indispensable in any project. It is the Project manager who is accountable for accomplishing the objectives goals during a project life-cycle. The key project manger responsibilities include clear attainable project objectives, building the requisite environment, managing all the constraints of project, managing all unexpected events during a project such as conflicts etc. The quality of Project Manager is critical to achieving project success. Project Managers should emphasize different attributes at different stages of a project to be more effective. A project manager needs to understand that projects are inherently uncertain should be ready to manage them by understanding their importance make them work for project success. Proper skills in dealing with conflict can assist project managers and other organization members to handle and effectively resolve conflicts which can lead to a more productive organization as a whole. Using Project management principles and applying them gives the project manager the ability to establish success measures, incorporate quality principles, resolve conflicts and unexpected events, address future risk before becoming a problem, work within the scope of the project etc. The Project manager must have a combination of above average leadership human relations skills and administrative experience. Project performance is affected by the effective application of project management principles by a project manager. An effective Project manager should be capable of making decisions, communicate actions eliciting the commitment of team members. An effective Project Manager needs to diagnose conflict manage it by various methodologies such as improving communication, encourage joint responsibilities, create new alternatives, instill a co-operative, problem solving attitude between the conflicting groups. Successful project manager understand that project management skills if used judiciously can have an extra-ordinary impact on the successful implementation of their projects. Great successful organizations have always believed in idea generators executors for overall excellence. Project Manager is expected to have both qualities and the ability to handle all events during the course of a project. Effective instrumental leadership abilities initiatives have always lend a Midas touch to the organization. Since the aim of the study to be done is to analyze Project Managers roles and responsibilities and define attributes required in a Project Manager to prevent conflict during a project life cycle, these journals help in supporting the fact that Project Managers are one of the important factors required for project success. These journals define the various conflicts, its causes and explore the characteristics required in a Project manager to overcome unexpected events during a project. This would help in the further study of the current research and help in achieving the objectives of the research.

Drop The Bomb? Essay -- essays research papers

U.S. History - Grech Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan, Justified?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On August 6th and 9th of 1945 U.S. bombers dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing utter destruction and many deaths. These bombs were dropped as the Pacific battles of World War II were coming to an end. Soon after Japan surrendered, ending the war. But, was the use of atomic warfare necessary? Was it too harsh and cruel to the Japanese? The first question was whether or not to drop a bomb. The effects of atomic warfare had not been known and studied, but it was apparent that it would be a good tool in ending the war. The first bomb did appear necessary to ending the war. It would put Japan in check to bring a quick finish to the fighting, saving many lives, as well as prevent the Russians from joining the Pacific War. The second on Nagasaki, however was obviously not. It was handled foolishly, in that the Japanese were not allowed enough time to surrender and it seemed like a big sick experiment. The United States of America was justified in dropping the atomic bomb on the island of Hiroshima, but not justified in doing the same to Nagasaki.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the war scientists had been involved in the notorious Manhattan Project, the production of the atomic bomb. In three years the U.S. was ready to test the first atomic bomb, and did in Alamogordo, New M...

Explore the theme of escapism in Peter Pan Essay

The theme of escapism is prominent in much children’s literature. Frances Hodgson-Burnett’s The Secret Garden is, like Peter Pan, an example of Edwardian children’s literature. Both these novels are tales of escapism from real life into another world. There are also more recent examples of escapism in children’s literature. In the 1950s C. S. Lewis invented Narnia, and in even more recent literature, Harry Potter escapes his everyday life to go to school at Hogwarts. J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, an early Edwardian novel, is one of the great classics of British children’s literature and is, on the surface, a tale about a boy who refused to grow up. There is however, an underlying plot concerning a girl who must grow up. It is from this obligation that Barrie’s Neverland acts as a form of escape. Throughout Peter Pan, there is little focus on the female characters. It is almost assumed that Wendy will grow up and become a Mother, as all daughters do. Although Neverland allows Wendy to escape from her home and from the domestic world she knows, she does not escape domesticity altogether. She almost becomes mother to the Lost Boys, and is given a number of domestic duties such as ironing Peter’s shadow. However, Wendy’s relationship with Peter is not entirely conventional. She appears to be the closest thing Peter has to a girlfriend, as he rejects the sexual advances of both Tinkerbell and Tiger Lily. However, Wendy also appears to be acting as his mother, something Peter has been deprived of his whole life. It is the childish energy of Barrie’s imagination filled with such a â€Å"splendid jumble of pirates, redskins, fairies and mermaids† that enthrals so many children (Carpenter p172). Through this manipulation of other people’s minds and emotions, Barrie â€Å"carries them off from the real world †¦ to a country of his own invention† (Carpenter p179). Barrie seems to be presenting his readers with a substitute faith, to act as a form of escape from the Christian teachings of the Victorian era. It has even been suggested that Peter Pan is in fact an alternative religion. Humphrey Carpenter suggests that in many respects Peter is Christ-like. Possibly the most obvious example of this is when he takes Wendy and her brothers on a flight of fantasy to â€Å"his own heavenly land† (Carpenter p182). The Lost Boys who live there seem to represent the souls of the dead as Peter asserts, â€Å"They are the children who fall out of their prams when the nurse is looking the other way†, therefore further increasing Neverland’s resemblance of heaven. The concept of escaping to heaven was extremely important to Barrie. He lost his brother David at a young age and subsequently spent much of his life trying to become a living version of the boy â€Å"who by dying †¦ remained ever young† (Wallshli ger p120). To observe Peter and Hook as the Christ and Satan of Barrie’s religion, the reader must have faith in the novel. The theme of belief is interesting throughout Peter Pan as the reader is, like the Darling children, constantly being asked, â€Å"Do you believe? † In order to fly, the Darling children must have faith, and â€Å"think lovely wonderful thoughts†, as Peter’s fairy dust is, in itself not enough. In turn the reader or audience must have faith and believe in the fact that a child can fly. Similarly, in order to escape to Neverland, a reader must have faith that there is such a place â€Å"somewhere past the second star to the right and straight on until morning†. The theme of belief is particularly important at the end of Barrie’s story when the darling children lose their faith and no longer believe in Peter, and so cannot see him. Though faith and belief are important in Peter Pan, the dream of escaping to another world seems to be almost self-sufficient. Barrie implies there is little need to grow up or awaken from this dream as it is in fact already framed by the Edwardian domesticity of the â€Å"real† world where wealth and relationships are important. Carpenter in fact goes further than this by asserting that children must not grow up and claims that to visit Neverland â€Å"requires an act of belief that children cannot sustain as they grow up† (Carpenter p180). Peter himself seems to be of the opinion that it is only children, who can escape the drudgery of everyday life and claims, â€Å"I want always to be a little boy, and to have fun†. Barrie’s adventure story and his creation of such a magical hero seems to have achieved what so much children’s literature had previously tried to do. Peter represents the shift from the Victorian perception of the child as a â€Å"moral icon† to â€Å"a craze for the child as a fun-loving playboy hero† (Wallshli ger p111). Peter has no memory or emotion, and so â€Å"can live only for the moment† and experiences ecstasies that other children can never know (Wallshli ger p117). Peter is an asexual child rather than a young man. Barrie himself was also somewhat sexless, and it is doubtful whether his marriage was ever consummated. This lack of sexuality and romantic relationship is represented well on stage as Peter is often played by an actress, and is therefore viewed as an androgynous figure. Another interesting aspect of the casting of Peter Pan is that of Mr. Darling and Hook, who traditionally, are played by the same actor. This becomes particularly significant when considering the theme of masculinity in Peter Pan. There is much evidence of male competitiveness in the novel. The most obvious example of this is Peter’s dual with Hook, which appears to be an assertion of masculinity by Peter. It is particularly interesting that it is Peter and the lost boys who triumph over Hook who is a mature villain. This youthful triumph acts as another form of escape for a young reader. Traditionally in Victorian society adults were in control and would have power over children. In Barrie’s Children’s fantasy, it is youth and sexual immaturity that enable Peter to triumph over his adult rivals. It has been suggested by many critics that Peter, â€Å"The boy who wouldn’t grow up†, is a representation of Barrie himself. Barrie was a short man and despite a moustache â€Å"retained a markedly boyish look until old age† (Carpenter p173). He was in a physical respect, quite literally, a boy who couldn’t grow up. This figure of a man in a child’s body is undoubtedly the principle model for Peter, who is â€Å"neither child nor adult† (Carpenter p177).

Free Essays on The Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang Theory It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireball-an extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is still expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed,... Free Essays on The Big Bang Theory Free Essays on The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireball-an extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is still expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed,...

Education in the Occupied Territories essays

Education in the Occupied Territories essays The Israeli Occupation of the Palestinian areas has destroyed completely the education system that the P.A tried to establish in the liberated Palestinian areas. In 1994 the PA inherited an educational system from the Israeli Civil Administration that was completely destroyed by the occupation. The Israeli policy was aimed to destroy the education of the Palestinian population in order to control the masses. In 1994 the PA took this bad situation and tried to handle it with care, it began with a crisis management policy that was called THE FIVE YEAR DEVELOPMENT PLAN, this plan aimed to maintaining the high access rates to basic education and to increasing secondary education enrolment rates. The plan foresees important well focused and cost effectively managed efforts in the areas of curriculum development, textbook development and production in service as well as pre-service teacher training. Approximately $100 million in donor assistance was spent on education infrastructures between 1994 and 1999, and the FIVE-YEAR PLAN envisages donor commitments of a further $45 million per annum, for a total of US$ 225 million for the 2001-2005 periods. According to the FIVE-YEAR PLAN there are 1800 schools that needed developing in the West Bank and Gaza, the PA had access to 1400 schools. Since the beginning of the second uprising, the plan was completely interrupted by the reoccupation of the West Bank and Gaza. The Israeli army has intentionally destroyed schools and the educational centers that were established to control the bad situation in 1994. For example, the Israeli Army has damaged over 400 schools in Hebron and south of Gaza, which represents 22% of the primary and secondary schools, the damage ranges from broken windows to the total destruction of schools. The inability of students to pay fees has also impaired the schools ability to cover their regular running costs. The need for social/humanitarian ass...

Major differences between domestic business operations and Assignment

Major differences between domestic business operations and international business operations - Assignment Example Sanderson Farms, Inc. refers to an American national company that specializes in the production, processing, distribution, and marketing of poultry and other related food items. Started in 1955, the company has grown to become among the leading American companies that specialize in the food and supply industry (Sanderson Farms ®, n.d). the company competitive advantage is the ability to supply in all states in America. It has a huge local network due to the provision of natural products. The advantage of its operational scope is that domestic currency used for business operation. The local business regulations are clearly stipulated therefore no barrier to entry. However, global network distribution enhances the profitability, larger customer database and enhances the adaptation to technology to improve management of business. Shell refers to a multinational petroleum company formed in 1907. It has expanded its network of operation worldwide. Forbes has considered it as 11th ranked market influencer in performance (Shell ©, 2015). The scope of operation worldwide market therefore enhanced political affiliation with its Dutch for business consistency. Consequently, the market popularity and demand has enabled easier entry to global market. However, the currency fluctuation may affect the business profitability due to the volatility factors. Nevertheless, the large consumer network, economic productivity and technology advancement gives competitive advantage to the firm (Dunning,

Labor rights for illegal immigrants and why we should support them Research Paper

Labor rights for illegal immigrants and why we should support them - Research Paper Example Who are Illegal Immigrants? It is difficult to define illegal immigrants. Where illegal migration begins and ends is a matter for each sovereign state to define (Tapinos). There are two types of illegal migrants- those who enter illegally and those who overstay after entering legally. Seasonal workers who fail to return after the expiry of the contract and rejected asylum seekers are also part of the second group. In countries like USA and Canada, which are open to migration, illegal immigration is one of the options to become would be immigrants. But in countries of Europe, it is the only option except for those applying for asylum or family reunification (Tapinos). It is estimated that there is about four to five million illegal immigrants in USA, which is about 1.5% of the population 300,000 in Greece (3%) and Italy (0.5%) ( Tapinos). Illegal migrants join illegal job market where he agrees to work for fewer wage than the local workers. Employers in developed countries benefit as they need to pay only low wages. The welfare contributions and non wage costs would be less. The illegal workers do not bargain and will not create any problem even if forced to work for long hours. The illegal immigrants are always eager to get regularised. ... Importance of Labour Rights for Working Immigrants According to International Labour Organization (ILO), 20% of world’s workers are in industrialised countries ie.600 million. There are 2.5 billion workers in the developing countries (Martin). There were 191 million international migrants in 2005. It was 76 million in 1960 and 175 million in 2000 (Dittrick). A migrant worker is "a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national (Convention). In 1990, the UN General Assembly adopted International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. It may be noted here that labour rights are human rights. International human rights apply to all human beings. Everyone, whether citizen or immigrant, legal or illegal enjoys basic human rights such as right to life, liberty and security of person; freedom from slavery and torture; right to equal protecti on of law and freedom from discrimination; freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention; the presumption of innocence; and the right to freedom of association, religion and expression (The Rights of Migrants). The universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and Conventions adopted by the International Labour Organisation gives the right of association, the right to free choice of employment, the right to equal remuneration for work of equal value, and the right to just and favourable conditions of work to the immigrants. It also prohibits forced labour and

Lesson Planning in teaching English - skills and activities Essay

Lesson Planning in teaching English - skills and activities - Essay Example This essay analyzes that It is against this background that this discussion seeks to develop a detailed lesson plan for teaching English listening and speaking skills to ESL Adult learners, with a view to justifying the necessity of all aspects of the lesson planning on the achievement of English communication skills objective, for ESL adult learners. The rationale/justification for the application of the methods of teaching above is the combination of both the requirements of both the Natural and the Communicative approaches to teaching language, which offers that the application of more communicative and less grammatical and structural instructions, coupled with the application of real-life activities can help ESL learners to understand a language better (Brown, 2000:27). The football and grocery shopping are real-life activities through which the adult ESL can be able to learn English language application, through practicing speaking (Larsen-Freeman, 1986:56). On the other hand, t he listening of the song and the story being read out loud are activities that can enhance the listening skills of the adult ESL learners, while also enabling them to contextualize the wording and phrases from the listening section into the speaking contexts (Stevick, 1980:112). Thus, the application of the method sought to foster both the listening and speaking skills of the adult ESL learners in practical and real-life ways, which do not entail applying strict grammar rules and structural correction of the student errors.

Categorical imperative Essay Example for Free

Categorical imperative Essay The Golden Rule- Do unto other as you would have them do unto you. Yes, corny as hell, but it works. If you make a decision and think of yourself as suffering the potential outcome; it will often help to make a wiser and more considerate and ethical decision. EXAMPLE: if you are using a pirated software then think being in shoes of a person who has developed that software. All of his hard work is going in vein and he is getting nothing from you. 2. Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative- Yes, take a note from a philosopher. If a action is not right for everyone, then it is not right for anyone. A bit idealistic and unrealistic for most scenarios; but hey, it might keep you from EXAMPLE: While using pirated software if you think that it doesn’t make any difference to developer’s income but, you think that if everyone started using pirated software then developer will get nothing from his software and then no one will develop any software because there is no income from that, which ultimately hurts the world as a whole†¦ 3. Descartes’ Rule of Change- Principle that states that is an action cannot be taken repeatedly, then it is not right to be taken at any time. Yes, another philosopher, how grand life is. Of course this should not surprise us considering that morality is one of the major areas of study of philosophy. EXAMPLE: if you are downloading songs from unauthorized sites for free and you think that let me do it once next time I will download it from authorized sites. Thus you think that doing this repeatedly is unethical then doing it once is also unethical. 4. Utilitarian Principle- This is where one takes the action that achieves the higher or greater value. This of course assumes that values can be put in rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action. Pretty far away from the Golden Rule, Hugh? EXAMPLE: in critical situation rather categorizing action in ethical or unethical you should categories or rank them into more unethical to less unethical. For example keeping track of every email of every citizen might harm privacy of people so it is unethical but it is useful to avoid any terrorist activity so tracking email of every citizen of country is less unethical 5. Risk Aversion Principle- The principle that one take the action that creates the least harm or incurs the least cost. This assumes that all actions have some harm, and our job is to take the action with the least amount of harm. EXAMPLE: hacking is considered as unethical practice but in war-situation through hacking if you can get access to warehouse of firearm manufacturing company then it is useful to save your country by using that firearms thus in this case we are selecting an action which harm a firearm manufacturing company but saving whole country. 6. No Free Lunch Rule- This states that there is no such thing as a free lunch. If something someone else has created is useful to you, it has value and you should assume the creator wants compensation for this work. EXAMPLE: In India lots of people are using pirated windows 8 operating system thus they are not paying any compensation to Microsoft so this action is unethical.

Factors for Motivation at Work in Nursing

Factors for Motivation at Work in Nursing Is motivation at work for nurses in two NHS hospitals dependant on job satisfaction or financial incentives? The National Health Service was described in a BBC News article in 2000 (BBC, 2000) as an organization in crisis as it analyzed various factors impacting the agency. The report indicated the new government mandate titled, â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000) consisting of billions committed to improving the services across a wide breathe of areas which included the following concerns as brought forth via consultation with NHS staff members and the public (NHS, 2000). The consultation consisted of interviews and surveys with 58,000 staff members and 152,000 members of the public, with the following ten areas the top concerns the public and staff members voiced: Table 1 – Top Ten Concerns Voiced by the Public and NHS Staff Members (NHS, 2000): Public Staff Members 1 More staff members with higher pay scales, the foregoing includes increased doctors, nurses, scientists and therapists, More staff, with the top concern mentioned as increases in this area and higher pay, 2 a reduction in waiting times for appointments as well as on trolleys and casualty, additional training along with an improvement in management shills across all staffing levels, 3 an improvement in the ways or working with â€Å"bring back the matron† (NHS, 2000) mentioned as one aspect of the foregoing an increase in what was termed as ‘jointed-up’ working with social services at the community as well as primary care levels, 4 focusing care that is centered on the patients with action to be taken on operations that have been canceled as well as providing more convenient services, reduced bureaucracy, consisting of less administration along with an improvement in funding systems, 5 a higher quality of care provided with cancer and heart disease mentioned prominently, more action and information on prevention to reduce the causes of ill health, 6 better medical facilities consisting of cleaner locations with a better quality of food and attention to getting the basics correct, improved working conditions along with increased aids for recruitment as well as staff retention, and more flexibility in working patterns, 7 an improvement in facilities for NHS staff, with rewards and recognition for the work done by staff members, a reduction in waiting times, 8 an improvement in location services along with improvements in local hospitals as well as surgical facilities, patient centered care, with staff frustration concerning the system being too focused on itself and its needs without meeting individual patient needs 9 an end to the postcode lottery and the assurance of higher quality in all locales, Increased performance as well as accountability systems to reduce variances in care in different locales 10 increased prevention along with better assistance on information and help on healthy living An increase in autonomy for local services to provide them with more control over their organization and a reduction in control from Whitehall The preceding indicates the similarity of views and concerns between the public and NHS staff in 2000 at the inception of the government’s â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000). In June of 2004 the Department of Health reported on the â€Å"NHS Improvement Plan† (Department of Health, 2004) which detailed the progress made in the NHS since the year 2000. The ‘Forward’ to this document by Prime Minister Tony Blair summarized the achievements and status of the NHS and the following calls attention to those areas as indicated in Table 1 Top Ten Concerns Voiced by the Public and NHS Staff Members: Under the ‘Plan’ thousands of additional doctors and nurses, representing a 22% rise in doctors, 21% increase in nurses and a 27% rise in scientific staff, new incentives for staff and pay contracts have been implemented, incentives have been created to reward staff for service commitments and improvements, dozens of new hospital facilities have been opened under the ‘Plan’, there has been a reduction in waiting times, from 18 months to under nine months, outpatient appointments have been reduced from 26 weeks to 17 weeks, cancer and heart disease death rates have been reduced, new services such as NHS Direct and Walk-in Centres have been implemented, patient care has been improved with faster diagnosis and treatment times clinical governance has aided in aiding in evaluation and overall service improvement as implemented under â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000) The preceding represent a summary of the status report on the improvements in the NHS since the adoption of â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000). The foregoing information is endemic to the examination of whether motivation at work for nurses is dependent upon job satisfaction or financial incentives as the NHS is a countrywide operation and the overall system impacts upon each hospital and staff member even in the best of situations. Thus, the overall climate and atmosphere of the NHS is an important factor in understanding the context of this examination. The underlying facts are that in terms of health care expenditures and other areas the United Kingdom spends just $1,813 per resident as compared to $2,387 for France, $2,780 for Germany, $2,580 for Canada and $4,500 for the United States (OECD, 2003). And the foregoing is further exacerbated by the fact that the United Kingdom has just 2 physicians for each 1,000 in population as compar ed against 2.8 in the United States and 3.3 in Germany and France (Stevens, 2004, pp. 37-44). And while the shortfall of physicians represents a major NHS problem, it is the nurses who see to the multitude of tasks and daily patient care which makes the hospitals run and the shortage of these professionals is a critical component in better health care. A BBC News article in 1999 pointed out that some of the reasons for the shortage of nurses in the NHS are due to poor pay as well as conditions that have affected retention as well as recruitment (BBC News, 1999). The sub-standard pay scale was illustrated through a survey that found that one fifth of all health workers had taken on a second job to enable them to meet expenses, and that one third worked an average of two weeks per year without pay as a result of extra overtime work (BBC News, 1999). The article (BBC News, 1999) added that pay was not the only factor in the nursing shortage problem, the nurses mentioned conditions and a lack of job satisfaction due to the long working hours, heavy pressure, under staffing and lack of recognition. This document shall examine the crisis confronting the NHS with respect to nurses from the standpoint of whether the motivational factor for these professionals is dependant upon job satisfaction or financial incentives. This examination shal l utilize secondary survey sources as well as a primary survey to equate these aspects along with theoretical research and opinions. Chapter 2 – Literature Review In examining the question of whether motivation for nurses in the NHS is dependant upon job satisfaction or financial incentives, an understanding of various motivational theories is critical to this review. A central subject in the study of psychology, motivation was equated by Sigmund Freud who thought that a good part of the behavior of human beings was based upon unconscious motives and or irrational instinctive urges (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006). Behavioral psychologists, however, stress that the importance of external goals plays a huge role in prompting action, and humanistic psychologists believe that it lies in felt needs (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006). A major study conducted by the Kings Fund (2002) pointed out that the government’s commitment to add an additional  £9.4 billion in funding to improve NHS services to bring the agency into closer proximity with the spending of other European countries, as well as the additional of more nurses, therapists and cons ultants in and of itself was not enough. The Report stressed that the problems of staff retention and recruitment have their roots in good morale and motivation, and that the foregoing is an essential component in order to have a healthy workforce as well as to aid in the attraction as well as retention of nurses (Kings Fund, 2002). The Report went on to state that the NHS needs to have a better understanding of both the positive and negative factors acting upon motivation and morale, as these aspects need to be addressed as part of improving the overall state of service delivery in the NHS (Kings Fund, 2002). The preceding implication has been borne out in an article by Margaret Callaghan (2003, pp. 82-89) who conducted a study on morale amongst fifty-eight nurses, 30 were females and 28 were male) regarding morale and career concerns. The study found that morale was extremely low among the respondents with a large number of the group surveyed seriously thinking of leaving the profession. More importantly, the feelings among the surveyed group were so strong regarding the negative aspects of nursing in the NHS that they indicated that the majority of those surveyed indicated they would discourage others from entering the profession, citing disillusionment, limited advancement opportunities, job insecurity, limited resources and the lack of support for furthered education, which equate to motivational issues, as well as low pay (Callaghan, 2003, pp. 82-89). Interestingly, the findings of the study indicated that recent increases in the pay scale had helped to improve staff morale however; this development only partly offset other factors (Callaghan, 2003, pp. 82-89). Additional information on the importance of nursing morale, motivational factors and job satisfaction are addressed in Chapter 2.1 the Broader Survey, which includes a number of surveys’s and studies. 2.1 The Broader Survey The annual RCN membership survey conducted in 2003 (Ball et al, 2003) found that the overall nursing population is getting older, with the media age increasing to 41 from 39 just five years ago. The respondent field consisted of a mailing of 15,917 RCN members with a 61% response rate, or 9,700 returned forms, thus the survey covered a broad number of members and it can be concluded that the sampling is an accurate cross section representing meaningful numbers that precludes bias. The significance of the foregoing with respect to the theme of this study is that the drop out rate for nursing students now stands at between 15% to 20%, with one out of ten of those surveyed indicating that they would not elect to work for the NHS (Ball et al, 2003). The findings indicated that the work hour demands placed on NHS nurses represents a real factor in dissatisfaction with their jobs in that 64% work full time averaging 44 hours per week as opposed to just 20% for GP nurses (Ball et al, 2003). The significance of the foregoing in the context of this examination is that nurses indicated that they want greater choice and control over their working hours and cited this as a major factor in moving into agency and bank work where they work for a lower rate of pay, and usually the same hours and the same settings as NHS nurses. This represents an interesting correlation in that nurses elect these options even though they complain about the lower rates of pay for the same work and grades, however, they are more positive about their experience in bank and agency work than their NHS counterparts (Ball et al, 2003). The foregoing is borne out by the fact that nurses in NHS hospitals are less satisfied with their choices over shift lengths, as noted by 40%, as compared to 26% of GP practice nurses and 22% of agency and bank nurses, thus representing a key job satisfaction issue. The preceding is further evidenced by NHS nurses working in excess of their 37.5 contracted hours, averagi ng 44 hours per week. 2.2 The Critical Review The RCN study uncovered that career prospects and the opportunity to progress are limited as three-fifths indicated that it was difficult to advance from their present grade, with E grade nurses as the most pessimistic (Ball et al, 2003). The lack of definitive job advancement opportunities represents a hurdle to motivating NHS nurses as well as recruitment, as do the survey findings regarding the following areas (Ball et al, 2003): Table 2 – NHS Views of Workload and Staffing (Ball et al, 2003) Disagree Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do not spend too much time on non-nursing duties 17 37 23 2 There are sufficient Staff to provide a good standard of care 21 40 23 3 I am not under too much pressure at work 19 37 16 1 My workload is not too heavy 23 39 13 1 The RCN study indicated that in terms of nurse’s issues, pay scales were not the overriding issue as factors such as workloads and hours worked played a large part in their perceptions. The study found that the respondents rated good pay as an important aspect by 75% of those surveyed, and 90% of the respondents stated that staffing was an extremely important issue and was one of the most cited areas by nurses to improve job satisfaction (Ball et al, 2003). The findings strongly indicated that as a result of dissatisfaction with working conditions that nurses were prepared to leave NHS jobs for less pay to gain control over their personal lives indicating the importance of job satisfaction as a key area. The lack of adequate opportunities for advance also rated high on the list of concerns and complaints voiced by respondents as 47% indicated that they were not graded appropriately (Ball et al, 2003). Pay scales are the outgrowth of the preceding thus naturally the attitudes t owards compensation rated high on the list of replies. Table 3 – Views Regarding Pay (Ball et al, 2003) Disagree Strongly disagree Agree Strongly agree I could not be paid more for less effort if I left nursing 35 39 10 1 Nurses are not paid poorly in relation to other professional groups 54 36 3 2 Considering the work I do I am paid well 23 48 11 1 The replies in this area are consistent with the complaints regarding poor pay as voiced by NHS nurses as well as uncovered in numerous surveys and articles on this area, and nine of ten nurses feel that they are poorly paid in comparison with other professions (Ball et al, 2003). The importance of adequate pay was indicated by 75% of respondents, with 80% stating that receiving promotions based upon merit as equally important which represents a job satisfaction issue. Equating the factors representing motivation, job satisfaction and financial incentives in the nursing profession is an exceedingly complex task owing to the highly skilled nature of the work as well as the differing positions, grading and assignment variables involved. A significant measure of job satisfaction is the movement of staff in and out of the NHS. The study found that 25% of NHS nurses had changed jobs in the calendar year compared against 15% in the GP practice sector, and 17% involved in nursing and nurse education. Table 4 – NHS Nurse Turnover 1996 – 2002 (Ball et al, 2003) Year Percent 1996 23% 1997 21% 1998 18% 1999 19% 2000 20% 2001 23% 2002 24% 2003 25% It is important to note that in equating the preceding figures that a change of job does not always mean that one has left their current employer, as it could also mean a promotion, transfer or lateral move within the same organization. The survey revealed that 51% of the indicated changes in job represented a change in employer and that 13% of all nurses engaged in this practice during 2003 (Ball et al, 2003). The sheer overall size of the NHS means that most employment changes entailed jobs within the NHS system, with 96.5% of the nurses changing jobs who were in the NHS remaining in the NHS even though they switched or changed jobs (Ball et al, 2003), and these job changes can also entail the NHS bank. An important determinant of job satisfaction and motivation is what nurses plan to do in the future with regard to their employment. 29% of the surveyed nurses indicated their intention to leave their employer in the next two years, with NHS nurses indicated this intention at 27% (B all et al, 2003). Those nurses who indicated that they intend to stay at the present employment cited that they felt that their work was valued as the primary reason, 63% (Ball et al, 2003). Nurse’s views regarding motivation along with job satisfaction can be also equated via morale which describes their views as well as attitudes. The survey uncovered that 73% of respondents indicated that they did not desire to leave nursing as a profession, and of the 27% who expressed a desire to leave only 22% indicated that they would recommend nursing to others as a career (Ball et al, 2003). 74% indicated that the career prospects in the profession have increasingly become less attractive and a higher percentage would opt to leave the profession altogether if they could think of a suitable alternative after the years they invested in the career (Ball et al, 2003). Table 5 – Respondents Indicating They Would Leave Nursing If They Could (Ball et al, 2003) Strongly agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly disagree Work is valued score 3.5 3.05 2.75 2.4 2.1 Table 6 – Respondents Indicating They Want to Leave Nursing Percentages (Ball et al, 2003) 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55 and over Would leave 14.7 23 31 32.5 27 33 30 26 Planning to leave 5 9 10.5 9 7 7 11 34 The survey uncovered that the respondents who indicated a desire to leave the profession if they could was correlated strongly with their perception of a lack of advancement and or promotion opportunities. And those who feel that their work is valued indicated that they would either stay or did not indicate an intention or consideration of leaving. The preceding seemingly points to job satisfaction as the more important factor among nurses, feeling appreciated and valued, rather than low pay, which is cited often as a problem as well as advancement opportunities. Morale as well as being or feeling rewarded thus tends to fall closely with feeling valued and or appreciated as a reason for motivating nurses. In terms of correlating the information and findings uncovered as a result of the RCN membership survey conducted in 2003 (Ball et al, 2003) the Kings Fund survey of ‘Morale and Motivation’ in the NHS represents a interesting manner in which to compare results to determine whether motivation for nurses is dependent on job satisfaction or financial incentives. The Kings Fund survey indicated that while it is difficult to measure the way in which individuals feel regarding their work, the survey indications pointed to morale as well as motivation in the NHS as being low. The Kings Fund survey identified three distinct factors that affect both moral and motivation (Kings Fund, 2002): whether of not the staff feel they are valued, the working environment, and resources and pay scales These same three aspects were correlations reached in the RCN membership survey conducted in 2003 (Ball et al, 2003) and thus provides a strong case for the fact that job satisfaction seemingly represents the key motivational factor for nurses in the NHS. The Kings Fund summary indicated that nurses as well as doctors have elected to leave their positions in the NHS as well as to retire early in large numbers (Ball et al, 2003). The preceding has been found to be in huge part that NHS staff members feeling that they are not valued by the government as well as the media, which has been critical of their performance and quality of service, which reflects in shaping public perceptions to a great degree. The Kings Fund (2002) survey points to the example of hospitals in the United States that have been successful in the attraction and retention of nurses which studies have attributed to their including staff in decision making aspects to increase their perception of value and worth as we ll as involvement and control. The Kings Fund study indicated that the major factors that affect morale as well as motivation are as follows (Kings Fund, 2002): Working Environment The study found that the quality of the working environment which respect primarily to the staffing levels, speed of reform and the depth of same are major factors affecting morale as well as motivation. It indicated that too much change as well as too much political control represent de-motivating factors and represent key reasons that individuals indicate as desiring to leave employ in the NHS. Feeling Valued The RCN membership survey (Ball et al, 2003) strongly indicated the importance of ‘feeling valued’ in the workplace representing an extremely strong factor in job satisfaction. The Kings Fund study stated that the value which nurses as well as other staff members perceived as a result of groups outside of the NHS such as politicians, the public as well as the media were highly important in this equation. The Kings Fund study indicated that like the American hospitals, those NHS facilities that involve nurses in decision making, planning and policy have a happier and higher motivated workforce with lower turnover rates. The Kings Fund study also included focus group discussions out of which ‘feeling valued’ emerged as the key determinant defining morale and motivation. The critical issues identified from these sessions where as follows: Perceived Worth The study uncovered that the general consensus among those in the focus group was that they did not feel valued as professionals by members of their own profession who had higher educational achievements or degrees, as well as the public. Levels of Support Staff members indicated that they feel that they are not supported by politicians as well as employers, citing that the public perception of the NHS had changed after the government blamed NHS staff for service quality. Importantly, those focus group members who reported and or felt they were listened to felt motivated. Recognition and Treatment The status of treatment, in terms of recognition and support was indicated as an important consideration by members of the focus group study with regard to their feelings concerning their job and satisfaction with it. Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is a category that is in lock step with morale and motivation, according to the Kings Fund study, and represents reasons linked with the intention to leave or as to why they have left employment. The foregoing includes factors such as the nature of the work, if there are advancement opportunities and other factors linked to job satisfaction. Resources and Pay In this context, resources referred to how well the service segment of the hospital facility is resourced overall as well as the manner in which staff members are rewarded. The foregoing highly influences morale as well as motivation as reported by medical managers and doctors. While some of the preceding areas seemingly do not correlate as being endemic to the examination of motivation and whether job satisfaction or financial incentives are the key to involvement for nurses, it was deemed important to draw a larger picture of the context to thus magnify the areas of importance within this context. The foregoing approach enables the research findings to draw upon additional information from which to support the rationales as well as aid in the formulation of the conclusion that the data suggests and points to. The foregoing also aids in the analysis of the primary research survey which represented a sampling of just 22 individuals. Chapter 3 Methodology The methodology utilized in equating the examination as to whether motivation at work for nurses in the NHS is dependent upon job satisfaction or financial incentives was conducted utilizing primary research in the form of a small survey as well as secondary research surveys as conducted by the RCN, the Kings Fund, Margaret Callaghan (2003, pp. 82-89), and ‘The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform’ along with varied theories on job satisfaction and motivational factors. The utilization of five differing survey and studies on the subject were conducted to ensure that the conclusions drawn from this information was based upon having enough information from which to read into the examination. The secondary surveys and studies were both comprehensive as well as large and the topic field, while not specifically devoted to the examination as posed herein, did contain enough data, questions, elements and points to enable their use as viable information sources. Gr aph data was converted to tables herein to present the data in a more comprehensive and readable format. The utilization of various articles and news sources aided in identifying the past as well as the current temper of conditions, moods and attitudes in the NHS from the perspective of nurses as well as governmental actions and public opinions. The preceding enabled the establishment of an historical perspective, and the legislative actions undertaken by the United Kingdom government in the form of the â€Å"The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment: A Plan for Reform† (NHS, 2000) and the â€Å"NHS Improvement Plan† (Department of Health, 2004). The consensus of the overall effect of these plans is that the government has indeed made some progress in the hiring of additional nurses, doctors and technicians as well as introducing pay scale incentives, however, as stated by the BBC (2003) the NHS is still threatened with a shortfall of 50,000 nurses who are due to retire over the next five years despite the hiring of 40,000 extra nurses since 1997. The historical research utilize d as part of the methodology provided background information on the internal problems of the NHS which includes the fact that a large proportion of the 40,000 hired NHS nurses were obtained through foreign recruiting and that the pay incentive measures only reached 15,000 nurses in terms of the 12% pay raise (BBC News, 2003). Wheatcroft (2006) summarized the preceding in stating that all of the additional funds that have been provided to the N